2020-02-24
Adverb adalah suatu kata kerja yang berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja (verb). Pada umumnya adverb dibentuk dari kata sifat di tambah –ly. Jenis-jenis adverb (keterangan)
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1. Manner (cara): fast, happily, hard, quickly, well.
2. Place (tempat): by, down, here, near, there.
3. Time (waktu): now, down, then, today.
4. Frequency (kekerapan): always, often, twice, never.
5. Sentence (menerangkan klausa/kalimat keseluruhan dan biasanya menyatakan pendapat si pembicara): actually, definety, apparently, obviously.
6. Degree (tingkat): fairly, quite, hardly.
7. Interrogative (tanya): when, where, why.
8. Relative (hubungan): which, that, who.
Position of adverbs:
a. Mid-position (sebelum verb, atau sebelum sebagian verb).
He suddenly drove off.
I have never been going abroad.
b. End-position (pada akhir kalimat)
He cried lonely.
Budi arrived late.
c. Initial position (pada awal kalimat)
Quickly he ran away.
Yesterday I had a headache.
Tidak semua adverb dapat menempati ketiga posisi itu.
A. Adverb yang tidak dapat berada di tengah kalimat.
- Adverb of place (kata keterangan tempat tidak bisa di taruh di tengah kalimat)
He is standing there.
She drove eastward.
- Adverb of frequency
The magazine is deliverd daily.
We have meeting monthly.
- Adverb of time
I met her yesterday.
Next month he will be fourty.
- Adverb yang digunakan untuk membicarakan sesuatu hal yang telah selesai.
He runs quickly.
She sing badly.
B. Adverb yang tidak dapat berada di akhir kalimat.
- “Focusing” adverbs
I only like cowboy film.
We must also buy some coffee.
- Menunjukan kepastian atau keraguan.
They have probbably forgotten the time.
Perhaps it is going to rain soon.
I definitely saw a flash of lighting.
- Adverb of degree (tingkatan).
We can hardly see her in that crowd.
That apple is quite ripe.
Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
1. We will leave the classroom soon.
2. We will leave the classroom when the bell rings.
Bagian-bagian yang di garis bawahi mempunyai fungsi yang sama, yaitu menerangkan kata kerja leave. Bentuk pertama berbentuk satu kata dimana adverbia. Sedangkan bentuk kedua terdiri dari kumpulan kata yang berbentuk suatu klausa (anak kalimat) sehingga di sebut adverb clause. Pada bagian ini kita akan membahas tentang klausa adverb ini.
1. Klausa adverb yang menyatakan keterangan waktu.
After (sesudah), before (sebelum), when (ketika), since (sejak), dan until (sampai).
e.g.
I have not seen her since she got married.
He did not wait until she wake up.
Beberapa kata sambung lain yang termasuk kelompok ini adalah:
As soon as (once) . . . = segera setelah
By the time . . . = menjelang
Whenever . . . = kapan saja, tatkala, apabila
While (as) . . . = sementara
2. Klausa adverb yang menyatakan keterangan sebab akibat. Kata sambung yang menandai klausa adverbia jenis ini antara lain: because (sebab), as (karena), since (sejak), so that (sehingga).
e.g.
Since I am busy, I cannot help her (reason)
We planted many flowers, so (that) the garden looked beautiful (result).
3. Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan maksud.
Klausa adverbia ini ditandaioleh konjungsi (kata hubung): so that, in order that (supaya).
e.g.
I came here in order that the job will be done.
4. Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan keterangan yang bertentangan.
Konjungsi yang menandai klausa adverbia jenis ini antara lain:
Even though (meskipun)
Although (walaupun)
Whereas (sedangkan)
While (sedangkan)
e.g.
They went out even though it was raining.
Budi is rich, while (whereas) his sister is poor.
While dan whereas biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan adanya “pertentangan langsung”
5. Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan persyaratan.
Konjungsi yang menandai adverbia dari kelompok ini adalah:
If . . . = Jika
Unless . . . = kecuali
Only if . . . = hanya jika
Provide/providing that = asalkan
e.g.
I will come only if you do.
I will come unless it rains.
He will help me provided that I ask him to.
They will buy some food if they are hungry.
6. Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan keterangan tempat.
Kata sambung yang menandai klausa adverbia jenis ini adalah:
Where . . . = dimana
Wherever . . . = dimana saja
e.g.
She left the book where she found it.
I see a lot of people wherever I go.
7. Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan keterangan cara.
Konjungsi ini menandai klalusa adverbia jenis ini adalah:
As like, in the way. (seperti)
e.g.
I want to spend my time as I think best.
She prepares chicken like (in the way) my mother does.
